Pain in patients with cancer continues to be problematic for both patients and healthcare providers. Despite major advances in pain management, cancer pain remains poorly managed in more than 80% of patients with cancer (Aghabati, Mohammadi, & Esmaiel, 2008).
Pain is estimated to occur in 59% of patients undergoing cancer treatment, in 64% of patients with advanced disease, and in 33% of patients after curative treatment (van den Beuken-van Everdigen, et al., 2007). However, these numbers vary dramatically depending on the type of cancer and the treatment(s) received by the patient. Pain negatively impacts the patient's comfort, ability to remain active, emotional status, and, generally diminishes the quality of life (QOL). Further, there is an increasing body of literature that links adequate pain control with improved survival (Den, et al., 2014; National Comprehensive Cancer Network [NCCN], 2017; Temel, et al., 2010). The effective management of cancer pain is an essential aspect of the overall treatment plan for patients with pain related to their disease or their treatment modalities.
An integrative healthcare approach to pain management in oncology patients—one that treats the body, mind, and spirit and incorporates nonpharmacologic interventions into the overall treatment plan—may serve as a valuable addition to the wide range of pharmacologic interventions currently available to patients (NCCN, 2015; Sheinfeld, 2012). By themselves, nonpharmacologic interventions can produce pain relief and support effective coping abilities in patients suffering from pain (Johnson, et al, 2014). However, the evidence supporting the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches is limited and heterogeneous (Teets, Dahmer, & Scott, 2010). Patients are individuals with unique health histories and abilities to respond to pain management therapies. To be the most effective, treatment therapies must be individualized, with the primary goal of maximizing function and QOL, while adhering to the best clinical practices and the patient's wishes.